The language and grammar choices we make matter.
If there are errors and inconsistencies in our writing, our supporters could lose confidence in our credibility and competence. If we don’t have a strong, united voice across the brand, our audience may not remember our work or connect with our mission. If we don’t understand the origins, histories and meanings of the words we use, we might use language that reinforces racism, colonialism or gender discrimination.
Words have the power to engage, educate and inspire — but they also have the power to oppress, alienate and stereotype. This style guide will help you think critically about the language you use. While you can apply this guidance to any external-facing content, always keep in mind your audience and use the style and language that will resonate with them.
It’s important to remember this is a living document. Language and grammar evolve and we will update this guide as we continue to learn and reexamine how we talk about our work.
The right to education is not negated by war — but the reality is that in 2015 some 80 million children aged 3–18 had their education disrupted by conflict and natural disasters; 37 million of those children are out of school.
A child does not lose her right to education because her country goes to war. But, in 2015, conflict and natural disasters forced 37 million children out of school.
The original first sentence — “The right to education is not negated by war” — takes girls and young women completely out of the picture. The revised opening sentence puts the girl and her rights at the heart of the argument.
Next in the original text, we have three sets of numbers — 80 million children, ages 3–18 and 37 million children. We know that using too many numbers reduces reading comprehension — and we know we’ll lose readers by using three numbers inside a single paragraph. For clarity and impact, we revise down to the most relevant statistic.
Secondary education is a right and it brings huge proven returns to the children, their communities and wider society. It is a strong foundation for empowerment and sustainable development.
Girls' secondary education is one of the best investments we can make. Multiple studies prove that increasing girls’ secondary education leads to economic growth, healthier communities, respect for women’s rights and more. When girls complete 12 years of school, they are less likely to marry young and more likely to have healthy children.
Surprise! The revised version is longer than the original. That’s not a typical outcome — but in this case we want to add evidence to back up our argument. The original version is nonspecific and vague. The revised version helps us to “show not tell” and demonstrate exactly what returns secondary education provides.
Malala Fund is working for a world where all girls can learn and choose their own futures. Through grantmaking and advocacy, we strengthen girls’ right to secondary education and unlock the resources needed for all girls to enjoy this right. Learn more at malala.org.
Strengthening rights: We advocate for governments and global institutions to uphold girls’ right to secondary education and implement the policies needed to realise it. We also protect girls’ right to learn when crises interrupt their education.
Securing resources: We advocate for governments and global institutions to increase education funding and invest the resources to realise girls’ rights.
Through Malala Fund’s Education Champion Network, we invest in civil society organisations to advocate for policies that ensure girls can access and complete school in places where they face the biggest education barriers. We reserve at least 20% of our grants for organisations led by girls or young women.
In crises, we act swiftly to protect girls’ right to education by mobilising grants to organisations that keep girls learning and prevent them from dropping out.
Malala Fund advocates for bold policies and increased education funding to ensure every girl can access and complete school. Our global advocacy confronts two critical challenges to girls’ education: rollbacks in gender equality and girls’ rights, especially in Afghanistan, and unjust global financing systems that restrict lower-income countries’ ability to invest in education.
In Nigeria and Pakistan, we advocate directly alongside grantee partners to ensure policies and government budgets enable more girls to access and complete secondary school.
Secondary education for girls can transform communities, countries and our world. It is an investment in economic growth, healthier communities, lasting peace and the future of our planet.
Malala Yousafzai is co-founder and board chair of Malala Fund. Malala began her campaign for education at age 11 when she anonymously blogged for the BBC about life under the Taliban in Pakistan's Swat Valley. Inspired by her father's activism, Malala soon began advocating publicly for girls' education — attracting international media attention and awards.
At age 15, she was attacked by the Taliban for speaking out. Malala recovered in the United Kingdom and continued her fight for girls. In 2013 she founded Malala Fund with her father, Ziauddin. A year later, Malala received the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of her efforts to see every girl complete 12 years of education. Malala graduated from Oxford University with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Ziauddin Yousafzai is a co-founder and board member of Malala Fund and Malala’s father. For many years, Ziauddin served as a teacher and school administrator in his home country of Pakistan.
When the Taliban invaded their home in Swat Valley, Ziauddin peacefully resisted their efforts to limit personal freedoms. Speaking out put Ziauddin at risk, but he feared remaining silent would be far worse. Inspired by her father’s example, Malala began publicly campaigning for girls to go to school.
In October 2009, The New York Times filmed a short documentary about Ziauddin and Malala’s fight to protect girls’ education in Swat. Due to her increased prominence, Malala was shot in the head by the Taliban two years later. Malala survived and was transported to the United Kingdom for treatment. Ziauddin, his wife, Toor Pekai, and their two sons joined Malala in Birmingham.
Determined to continue their campaign, Ziauddin and Malala founded Malala Fund in 2013. Together they champion every girl’s right to 12 years of education.
Not The Malala Fund or the Fund or MF (These are fine for internal messages or legal docs, but not in public-facing communications.)
Grant types: We award three types of grants — Education Champion Network, global advocacy and education in emergencies.
Education Champion Networks: Use the full term “Education Champion Network partner”, or “ECN partner” on second instance. Avoid using “Education Champions” or “Champions” as a standalone term, as we invest in organisations rather than individuals.
Registered countries: Use "Malala Fund Pakistan" and "Malala Fund Nigeria" when referring to our two registered country programmes. In Pakistan we are registered as an international NGO, and in Nigeria we are registered as a private company. You do not need to make this distinction unless it’s necessary for legal or business documents.
Non-registered countries: When describing activity in non-registered countries, refer to it as Malala Fund’s work in that country. We do not have “country programmes” or “offices” in non-registered countries. In public content, you can refer to them as “focus countries”. Examples: Malala Fund supports advocacy in Tanzania to raise the minimum age for marriage. Through our Education Champion Network, we invest in civil society organisations in five focus countries.
Global advocacy priorities: Our global advocacy efforts focus on 1) getting gender apartheid recognised as a crime under international law through our Afghanistan Initiative, and 2) reforming global debt to unlock resources for girls’ education through our Debt Justice for Girls Initiative. Do not abbreviate the initiatives’ names in public content (e.g. AI or DJ4G).
malala.org
Not www.malala.org
There is no set definition for “developing countries,” and we should avoid using terms that don’t have a clear meaning. Terms like “developing countries,” and “third world countries” are also loaded with colonial baggage; they reinforce a discriminatory narrative of the superiority of “developed” or “first world” countries and fail to acknowledge the root causes of the issues and inequalities.
Instead, be specific about what countries you mean when grouping them together. Using “low-, middle- and high-income countries” works when the country’s income is relevant to what you’re discussing, e.g., GDP. If discussing the negative effects of colonisation, acknowledge that history by using “formerly colonised” or a similar term.
Capitalising Black is the preference of many in the Black community. Capitalising White ensures that White is not framed as the standard and calls attention to the ways in which Whiteness affects our society and institutions. You can read more here.
People weren’t slaves; they were enslaved. Using “enslaved” as an adjective ensures we are using people-first language, which stresses the humanity of individuals and separates a person’s identity from their circumstances. Use “self-liberated” or “self-emancipated” instead of “escaped” when referring to enslaved people.
Use the term “Indigenous peoples” (plural!) to show that more than one distinct group comprises the Indigenous population. If you are using “indigenous” to mean originating in a region, then it should be lowercase (for example, sunflowers are indigenous to North America).
We use the lowercase term in line with common usage in Brazil.
Italicising or putting in quotes non-English words “otherises” those languages and reinforces colonial practices of imposing English as the dominant language.
Caps are harder to read. When titling documents or sections, take out caps except for proper nouns and the first word after a colon.
Bad: Rights in Jeopardy: How the International Community Should Respond to the Girls’ Education Crisis in Afghanistan
Good: Rights in jeopardy: How the international community should respond to the girls’ education crisis in Afghanistan
We support civil society organisations in Afghanistan, Brazil, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Pakistan and Tanzania.
October 31, 2024
Note: When quoting or excerpting writing from a person who does not use U.K. English, keep English spellings consistent with their preference.
1. Publishing organisation (YEAR) Title of Resource. Link to resource
Example
1. UNESCO (2016) Global Education Monitoring Report 2016. Education for People and Planet: Creating Sustainable Futures for All. http://unesdoc. unesco.org/images/0024/002457/245752e.pdf
2. Ibid.
Books
1. Author last name, first name (YEAR) “Chapter title” in Book title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example:
1. Schultz, T. Paul (1993) “Returns to Women’s Schooling” in Women’s Education in Developing Countries: Barriers, Benefits, and Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Correction: July 13, 2020
An earlier version of this article featured a miscalculated statistic. Malala Fund’s report estimates that 20 million more secondary school-age girls could be out of school after the COVID-19 crisis has passed, not 10 million.
In passive voice, the target of the action gets promoted to the subject position. Passive voice weakens the clarity of your writing.
Here’s a formula for identifying passive voice:
form of “to be” + past participle = passive voice
Passive: Talia had been attending school until her parents were unable to pay the tuition.
Active: Talia attended school until the tuition proved too expensive for her parents.
Passive: When her family was forced to flee, Nayir wondered where she would go to school.
Active: When fighting in Mosul forced her family to flee their home, Nayir wondered where she would go to school.
Passive: A number of insights are indicated by these results.
Better: These results indicate a number of insights.
Better: Our analysis yielded a number of insights.
Adverbs add clutter and reduce clarity in your writing. Try to take them out and use a stronger verb. Tip: most adverbs end in “-ly” like “expertly,” “incredibly” and “literally.” When you see an adverb, delete it and rewrite the sentence if needed.
Bad: Barry ran really fast to catch the train.
Good: Barry sprinted to catch the train.
Bad: Lebanon’s spending on the refugee crisis demonstrates the country’s commitment clearly to helping Syrians. Better: Lebanon’s spending on the refugee crisis clearly demonstrates the country’s commitment to helping Syrians.
Malala Fund supports girls’ education around the world.
While many distinguished and beloved teachers may have taught you the opposite, now is the time to break the habit! To give a more rapid feel and better flow to the text, modern writers omit the serial comma, except in cases where it is needed for clarity.
I bought bananas, bread and milk.
Fun fact: Not even Oxford uses the Oxford comma anymore! Check out the University of Oxford style guide (pages 12 and 13) for comprehensive comma-related advice.
An em dash is a versatile punctuation mark. A single em dash can replace a semicolon. A pair of em dashes can be used to replace commas or parentheses, enhancing readability.
An en dash is between a span of numbers.
An em dash, an en dash and a hyphen are not interchangeable.
— This is an em dash.
The heads of Commonwealth nations — including Pakistan, India and Nigeria — agreed to provide a full 12 years of quality education for all children.
– This is an en dash.
I just finished chapters 2–7 of Matilda.
- This is a hyphen.
There are more than 122 million out-of-school girls.
Most editors — and all that follow AP style — insert a space before and after the em dash. Read more about the differences between an em dash, en dash and hyphen here.
There are 122 million out-of-school girls. There are 122 million girls out of school.
She works full time. She has a full-time job.
Today only 46.6% of women participate in the labour market, compared to 76.1% of men.
$26.52, $100,200, $8 million, 6 cents.
Taylor Swift sang “All Too Well” at the concert.
Do not italicise, underline or use quotations around the names of magazines, newspapers or books that are catalogues of reference materials.
The Washington Post first reported the story.
“I use technology to engage my class … so that they can participate in the digitally driven world.”
Note: Always include an editor’s note disclosing that quotes in an article or interview have been edited for clarity.
Malala Fund pushed for the Sustainable Development Goals to increase from nine to 12 years of education for all children.
There are exceptions to this rule — like ages of people, addresses and a few others. But generally, numbers below 10 are spelled out.
People’s ages are given in numbers.
Hannah Orenstein, 25, is a published recipe writer.
Muzoon, a 17-year-old Syrian refugee, spoke at the London Conference.
If the age is used as an adjective or as a substitute for a noun, then it should be hyphenated. Don’t use apostrophes when describing an age range.
A 21-year-old student.
The student is 21 years old.
The girl, 8, has a brother, 11.
The contest is for 18-year-olds.
He is in his 20s.
In giving ages for inanimate objects or other things, spell out through nine and use figures for higher numbers.
In Syria, the five-year conflict is displacing millions of children.
The Global Partnership for Education is 20 years old.
Use “less than” to minimise the sum. Less than $1,000,000.
A more neutral approach is “about.” About $1,000,000.
More than 122 million girls are out of school around the world.
Hamza prepared a large amount of soup, in a great number of bowls.
We use tools like videos and petitions to engage supporters on social media.
With the exception of proper nouns (names, titles, etc.), try to avoid using the same word in a paragraph. Use a synonym or rewrite the sentence to avoid repeating words.
Some words are used so much that they become meaningless. Readers gloss over these words because they’ve seen them so many times.
Some examples of words the comms team will edit out of your writing: empower, groundbreaking, cutting edge, utilise (just say “use”).
Original: Growing up in Pakistan, Ayesha had to fight to go to school.
Revised: Ayesha’s neighbourhood in rural Sindh, Pakistan, lacks safe, paved roads. Sometimes school buses can’t reach her because of poor road conditions, and she has to walk 5 miles to school.
Choosing the right image or video is a big decision! We want our visuals to match the girls that we serve: strong, empowered and deserving of voice in global decisions that impact their lives.
Malala Fund photos and videos are:
Crediting photos
All Malala Fund photos on News & Voices need credits. Usually this information will be included in the file where you find the photos — or in the photo information itself (right-click or control-click to find this).
Most photos should be credited with photographer’s name and organisation name, like this:
(Courtesy of Mahina Martinson / Malala Fund)
Some photos need to include additional information:
(Courtesy of Malin Fezehai / HUMAN / Malala Fund)
If you are sharing photos with partners or journalists — or anyone else — for public use, make sure you send them the proper caption info and make sure they use it.
Malala Fund's IT policy strongly cautions staff using Chat GPT and other AI-infused applications. Please refer to the policy for more details on employee responsibilities around using AI. If you choose to use AI for writing or editing support in your work, you are responsible for checking the accuracy and quality of the content and should follow the guidelines below.
This site makes your writing bolder and more clear by highlighting unnecessary words, identifying phrases with a simpler alternative and more!
This is a helpful guide, particularly for Americans in need of help with British spellings.
Malala Fund’s style is loosely based off of the AP style guide. If you don’t want to purchase the book, Purdue has a free basic guide to AP.
This resource provides guidance on how to write using inclusive and respectful language. Subscribe to the Conscious Language Newsletter for great monthly updates.
Writing about disability is complicated and requires sensitivity. This guide covers almost 200 words and terms commonly used when referring to disability.
This short guide will help you edit like a professional so that you can tighten up your own and others’ work.
This guide contains resources for storytelling centring LGBTQ+ people and issues.
Malala Fund is working for a world where all girls can choose their own future. Learn more about our work to ensure every girl has access to 12 years of safe, quality education at malala.org.
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